Grammar index
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Showing 77 of 77 grammar points
N5
20 pointsは
Marks the topic of a sentence: what the speaker is talking about.
私は学生です。I am a student.
です
Adds a polite present-tense statement after nouns and な-adjectives.
これは本です。This is a book.
〜たい
Expresses wanting to do an action by attaching たい to the verb stem.
日本に行きたいです。I want to go to Japan.
〜ている
Shows that an action is happening now or that a state continues.
今、草を刈っています。I am cutting the weeds now.
ね
Adds a friendly feeling of shared understanding, agreement, or confirmation.
とてもきれいですね。It looks very nice, doesn't it?
〜てください
Makes a polite request or instruction by attaching ください to the verb て form.
免許証を出してください。Please show your license.
〜てもいい
Asks or gives permission: it is okay to do something.
ここに書いてもいいですか。May I write here?
〜が痛い
Describes that a body part hurts.
頭が痛いです。My head hurts.
〜がある
Says that something exists or that someone has a condition such as a fever.
熱があります。I have a fever.
〜ませんか
Makes a polite invitation by asking if someone would like to do something.
今夜いっしょに晩ご飯を食べませんか。Would you like to have dinner together tonight?
〜ましょう
Suggests doing something together or expresses 'let's do.'
七時に駅前で会いましょう。Let's meet in front of the station at seven.
から
Gives a reason or cause: because or so.
仕事が終わったから、少し休みたいです。Work finished, so I want to rest a little.
〜前に
Means before doing something or before a time.
会議の前に資料を送ります。I will send the materials before the meeting.
〜とき
Means when something happens or at the time of something.
わからないとき、先生に聞きます。When I do not understand, I ask the teacher.
〜てから
Means after doing one action, then doing another.
改札を出てから、右に曲がってください。After exiting the ticket gate, please turn right.
〜ないでください
Politely asks someone not to do something.
この道を渡らないでください。Please do not cross this road.
だけ
Means only or just.
水だけお願いします。Just water, please.
どこですか
Asks where a place or thing is.
お風呂はどこですか。Where is the bath?
いくらですか
Asks how much something costs.
家賃はいくらですか。How much is the rent?
どちらが〜ですか
Asks which of two choices has a certain quality.
どちらが静かですか。Which one is quieter?
N4
42 points〜つもり
Expresses what someone intends or plans to do.
昼までに終わらせるつもりです。I intend to finish by noon.
予定
Describes a plan or scheduled event.
今日はスーパーに行く予定です。Today I plan to go to the supermarket.
〜なければならない
Expresses that someone must do something or has to do something.
講習を受けなければなりません。I have to take a lecture.
〜あとで
Means after doing something or after an event.
書いたあとで、二番の窓口に行ってください。After you write it, please go to counter number two.
ので
Gives a reason or cause, often with a softer tone than から.
写真を撮りますので、ここで待ってください。Since we will take a photo, please wait here.
〜たほうがいい
Gives advice by saying it would be better to do something.
今日は家で休んだほうがいいです。Today it would be better to rest at home.
〜たり〜たりする
Lists example actions without saying they are the only actions.
コーヒーを飲んだり散歩したりします。I do things like drink coffee and take a walk.
〜てしまう
Shows that something is completed, often with regret or accident.
財布を電車に忘れてしまいました。I accidentally left my wallet on the train.
〜たことがある
Says that someone has had an experience before.
この駅で乗り換えたことがあります。I have transferred at this station before.
〜かもしれない
Expresses possibility: something may or might be true.
傘をホームに置いたかもしれません。I may have left my umbrella on the platform.
〜んです
Adds an explanatory tone when giving background or asking for context.
昨日買ったんですが、もう壊れたんです。I bought it yesterday, but it already broke.
〜てもらえますか
Politely asks someone to do something for you.
新しい商品に交換してもらえますか。Could you exchange it for a new item?
〜すぎる
Means that something is too much or excessive.
このシャツは小さすぎます。This shirt is too small.
〜はずです
Says that something should be true based on what the speaker knows.
予約は入っているはずです。The reservation should be in the system.
〜ようです
Says that something seems to be true based on what you notice.
エアコンが動いていないようです。It seems the air conditioner is not working.
〜てもらう
Says that someone does something for the speaker or another person.
部屋を変えてもらいました。I had them change the room for me.
〜ことができます
Expresses that someone can do something.
会議の前に手伝うことができます。I can help before the meeting.
〜ながら
Shows that two actions happen at the same time.
資料を見ながら説明します。I will explain while looking at the materials.
〜ようになる
Shows that a change has happened and something has become possible or habitual.
ひらがなが読めるようになりました。He became able to read hiragana.
〜ばいいですか
Asks what someone should do.
どこで乗り換えればいいですか。Where should I transfer?
〜そうです
Reports information heard from another source, such as a forecast.
午後から雨が強くなるそうです。I heard the rain will get stronger from the afternoon.
〜ことにする
Says that someone decides to do something.
今日は出かけないことにしました。I decided not to go out today.
〜ないように
Means so that something does not happen or so someone avoids doing something.
ナッツが入らないようにしてください。Please make sure nuts do not go in.
〜ても大丈夫
Asks or says whether doing something is okay or safe.
少ししょうゆを使っても大丈夫です。It is okay to use a little soy sauce.
〜てある
Shows that something has been done and the resulting state remains.
窓が開けてあります。The window has been opened.
〜まま
Means that a state remains unchanged.
電気がつかないままです。The light is still not turning on.
〜てもらえませんか
Makes a polite request by asking if someone cannot do something for you.
早めに修理してもらえませんか。Could you repair it soon?
〜ために
Shows purpose: in order to do something.
お客様を案内するために英語を勉強しました。I studied English in order to guide customers.
〜ば
Makes an if or when condition.
この用紙を書けば、手続きできます。If you fill out this form, you can complete the procedure.
場合は
Means in the case that or when a certain situation happens.
住所が変わった場合は、この用紙も出してください。If your address has changed, please submit this form too.
〜ておく
Means to do something in advance or leave something prepared.
再配達の時間をメモしておきます。I will write down the redelivery time in advance.
都合が悪い
Says that a time or plan is inconvenient.
その日は都合が悪いです。That day is inconvenient for me.
もう少し
Means a little more and softens requests about amount or degree.
もう少し静かにしてもらえませんか。Could you be a little quieter?
〜たら
Means if or when something happens.
電車が止まったら、駅員に聞いてください。If the train stops, please ask station staff.
〜ようにする
Means to try to do something or make a habit of doing it.
薬を飲んだら、早く寝るようにしてください。After taking the medicine, please try to go to bed early.
なら
Means if it is or as for, often when responding to a topic.
サッカー部なら、火曜日に見学できます。If it is the soccer club, you can observe on Tuesday.
〜みたいに
Means like or in the style of something.
写真みたいに切ってください。Please cut it like the photo.
また今度
Means another time and is useful for soft refusals.
今日は難しいので、また今度お願いします。Today is difficult, so another time, please.
〜より〜のほうが
Compares two things and says that one has more of a quality.
この部屋はあの部屋より広いです。This room is larger than that room.
〜と思います
States what the speaker thinks in a polite way.
この部屋がいいと思います。I think this room is good.
〜が必要です
Says that something is needed or required.
申込書が必要です。An application form is required.
〜までに
Sets a deadline by which something must be done.
金曜日までに書類を出してください。Please submit the documents by Friday.
N3
9 points〜について
Means about or regarding a topic in discussion, questions, and explanations.
勤務条件について、いくつか確認したいです。I would like to confirm a few things about the working conditions.
〜ということ
Turns a statement into a fact, meaning, or point being explained.
書類が足りないということですね。So it means the documents are not enough.
〜に関して
Means regarding or concerning and sounds more formal than 〜について.
選考結果に関して、ご連絡をいただけますでしょうか。Could I receive an update regarding the selection result?
〜によって
Means depending on, by, or because of, often showing that results vary by case.
勤務時間はプロジェクトによって変わります。Working hours change depending on the project.
〜わけではない
Means it does not mean that, often softening or correcting an assumption.
転職したいわけではなく、条件が合う仕事を探しています。It is not that I simply want to change jobs; I am looking for work that fits my conditions.
〜ことになっている
Means it has been decided or it is arranged that something happens.
入社前に書類を提出することになっています。It is arranged that documents are submitted before joining the company.
〜べきだ
Expresses what someone should do based on duty, rules, or judgment.
緊急時は学校の指示に従うべきです。In an emergency, you should follow the school's instructions.
〜としても
Means even if something is true or happens.
少し遅れるとしても、必ず連絡してください。Even if you are a little late, please be sure to contact us.
〜次第
Means as soon as something happens and is common in formal business speech.
結果が分かり次第、ご連絡いたします。I will contact you as soon as the result is known.
N2
6 points〜上で
Means after doing something or on the basis of something, often in formal decisions and procedures.
規則を確認した上で、釣りを始めます。After confirming the rules, I will start fishing.
〜において
Means in, at, or during a place, field, or situation in formal speech.
この川において、夜間の釣りは禁止されています。In this river, night fishing is prohibited.
〜に従って
Means according to or following rules, instructions, changes, or guidance.
漁協の案内に従って、釣れる魚の数を守ってください。Please follow the fishery cooperative's guidance and keep to the allowed catch numbers.
〜に基づいて
Means based on information, data, rules, or evidence.
天気予報に基づいて、出港を中止しました。We canceled departure based on the weather forecast.
〜ものの
Means although or even though, often contrasting an expected result with what actually happened.
朝早く出たものの、ほとんど釣れませんでした。Although we left early in the morning, we hardly caught anything.
〜さえ
Means even, or if only, depending on the pattern and context.
許可証さえあれば、この区域で釣ることができます。If only you have a permit, you can fish in this area.